KAIST

<(From Left) M.S candidate Inhyo Lee, Ph.D candidate Heekyu Kim, Ph.D candidate joonyoung Kim, Professor Seunghwa Ryu>

Most of the plastic products we use are made through injection molding, a process in which molten plastic is injected into a mold to mass-produce identical items. However, even slight changes in conditions can lead to defects, so the process has long relied on the intuition of highly skilled workers. Now, KAIST researchers have proposed an AI-based solution that autonomously optimizes processes and transfers manufacturing knowledge, addressing concerns that expertise could be lost due to the retirement of skilled workers and the increase in foreign labor.

KAIST (President Kwang Hyung Lee) announced on the 22nd of December that a research team led by Professor Seunghwa Ryu from the Department of Mechanical Engineering · InnoCORE PRISM-AI Center has, for the first time in the world, developed generative AI technology that autonomously optimizes injection molding processes, along with an LLM-based knowledge transfer system that makes on-site expertise accessible to anyone. The team also reported that these achievements were published consecutively in an internationally renowned journal.

The first achievement is a generative AI–based process inference technology that automatically infers optimal process conditions based on environmental changes or quality requirements. Previously, whenever temperature, humidity, or desired quality levels changed, skilled workers had to rely on trial and error to readjust conditions.

The research team implemented a diffusion model–based approach that reverse-engineers process conditions satisfying target quality requirements, using environmental data and process parameters collected over several months from an actual injection molding factory.

In addition, the team built a surrogate model that substitutes for actual production, enabling quality prediction without running the real process. As a result, they achieved an error rate of just 1.63%, significantly lower than the 23~44% error rates of representative existing technologies such as GAN* and VAE** models traditionally used for process prediction. Experiments applying the AI-generated conditions to real processes confirmed successful production of acceptable products, demonstrating practical applicability.
 *GAN (Generative Adversarial Network): a method in which two AI models compete with each other to generate data
 **VAE (Variational Autoencoder): a method that compresses and learns common patterns in data and then reconstructs them

<Figure 1. Generative AI–Based Process Reasoning Technology>

The second achievement is the IM-Chat, an LLM-based knowledge transfer system designed to address skilled worker retirement and multilingual work environments. IM-Chat is a multi-agent AI system that combines large language models (LLMs) with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), serving as an AI assistant for manufacturing sites by providing appropriate solutions to problems encountered by novice or foreign workers.

When a worker asks a question in natural language, the AI understands it and, if necessary, automatically calls the generative process inference AI, simultaneously providing optimal process condition calculations along with relevant standards and background explanations.

For example, when asked, “What is the appropriate injection pressure when the factory humidity is 43.5%?”, the AI calculates the optimal condition and presents the supporting manual references as well. With support for multilingual interfaces, foreign workers can receive the same level of decision-making support.

This research is regarded as a core manufacturing AI transformation (AX) technology that can be extended beyond injection molding to molds, presses, extrusion, 3D printing, batteries, bio-manufacturing, and other industries.

In particular, the work is significant in that it presents a paradigm for autonomous manufacturing AI, integrating generative AI and LLM agents through a Tool-Calling approach*, enabling AI to make its own judgments and invoke necessary functions.
 *Tool-Calling approach: a method in which AI autonomously calls and uses the functions or programs required for a given situation

<Figure 2. Large Language Model–Based Multilingual Knowledge Transfer Multi-Agent IM-Chat>

<Figure 3. Example of Operation of the Large Language Model (LLM)–Based Multilingual Knowledge Transfer Multi-Agent IM-Chat>

<Figure 4. Illustration of the Application of an LLM-Based Multilingual Knowledge Transfer Multi-Agent IM-Chat (AI-Generated)>

Professor Seunghwa Ryu explained, “This is a case where we addressed fundamental problems in manufacturing in a data-driven way by combining AI that autonomously optimizes processes with LLMs that make on-site knowledge accessible to anyone,” adding, “We will continue expanding this approach to various manufacturing processes to accelerate intelligence and autonomy across the industry.”

This research involved doctoral candidates Junhyeong Lee, Joon-Young Kim, and Heekyu Kim from the Department of Mechanical Engineering as co–first authors, with Professor Seunghwa Ryu as the corresponding author. The results were published consecutively in the April and December issues of Journal of Manufacturing Systems (JCR 1/69, IF 14.2), the world’s top-ranked international journal in engineering and industrial fields.
 ※ Paper 1: “Development of an Injection Molding Production Condition Inference System Based on Diffusion Model,” DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2025.01.008
 ※ Paper 2: “IM-Chat: A multi-agent LLM framework integrating tool-calling and diffusion modeling for knowledge transfer in injection molding industry,” DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2025.11.007

This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of SMEs and Startups, and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy.